NAD+-dependent deacetylases. Regulate metabolism, aging, stress resistance.
Mechanistic target of rapamycin - master growth regulator.
AMP-activated protein kinase - cellular energy sensor.
Programmed cell death. Removes damaged or infected cells.
Cellular recycling process. Removes damaged organelles and proteins.
Selective autophagy of damaged mitochondria. Critical for cellular energy.
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I - rate-limiting enzyme for fatty acid oxidation.
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II - regenerates fatty acyl-CoA inside mitochondria.
Cytochrome c oxidase - final complex of electron transport chain. Inhibited by nitric oxide.
NADH dehydrogenase - first complex of electron transport chain. Site of methylene blue action.
Immunoglobulin A - mucosal antibody in bile, saliva, gut. Protects surfaces from pathogens.
Iron-dependent programmed cell death from lipid peroxidation. Protected by glutathione and vitamin E.